A grapevine leaves dataset for early detection and classification of esca disease in vineyards through machine learning.

Esca is one of the most common disease that can severely damage grapevine. This disease, if not properly treated in time, is the cause of vegetative stress or death of the attacked plant, with the consequence of losses in production as well as a rising risk of propagation to the closer grapevines. Nowadays, the detection of Esca is carried out manually through visual surveys usually done by agronomists, requiring enormous amount of time. Recently, image processing, computer vision and machine learning methods have been widely adopted for plant diseases classification. These methods can minimize the time spent for anomaly detection ensuring an early detection of Esca disease in grapevine plants that helps in preventing it to spread in the vineyards and in minimizing the financial loss to the wine producers. In this article, an image dataset of grapevine leaves is presented. The dataset holds grapevine leaves images belonging to two classes: unhealthy leaves acquired from plants affected by Esca disease and healthy leaves. The data presented has been collected to be used in a research project jointly developed by the Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy and the STMicroelectronics, Italy, under the cooperation of the Umani Ronchi SPA winery, Osimo, Ancona, Marche, Italy. The dataset could be helpful to researchers who use machine learning and computer vision algorithms to develop applications that help agronomists in early detection of grapevine plant diseases. The dataset is freely available at http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/89cnxc58kj.1.

Plano de contingência municipal de enfrentamento à doença pelo Coronavírus 2019: Pau D'arco -TO / Municipal contingency plan for coping with the Coronavirus disease 2019: Pau D'arco -TO

Orienta na campanha para ações de combate ao Coronavírus (Covid-19) no município de Pau D'arco no Tocantins. Apresenta quais as definições de casos de infecção humana pelo COVID-19. Orientações de como notificar ao Centro de Informações Estratégicas de Vigilância em Saúde (CIEVS). Quais os períodos de incubação da doença. Fatores sobre a transmissão e tratamento. Investigação epidemiológica. Quais atribuições da Vigilância em Saúde. Orientações para a coleta de amostras no Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Tocantins (LACEN-TO) bem como a técnica de coleta de Swabde nasofaringe e orofaringe (swabs combinados), o acondicionamento, transporte e envio das amostras. Traz as recomendações para a coleta de amostras em situação de óbito. Mostra as medidas de prevenção e controle Precauções padrão, as medidas de isolamento. Transporte do paciente. Como se dá a Limpeza e desinfecção de superfícies.

He guides in the campaign for actions to fight Coronavirus (Covid-19) in the municipality of Pau D'arco in Tocantins. It presents the definitions of cases of human infection by COVID-19. Guidelines on how to notify the Health Surveillance Strategic Information Center (CIEVS). What are the disease incubation periods. Factors about transmission and treatment. Epidemiological investigation. Which attributions of Health Surveillance. Guidelines for the collection of samples at the Central Laboratory of Public Health of Tocantins (LACEN-TO) as well as the technique of collecting Swabde nasopharynx and oropharynx (combined swabs), packaging, transport and sending of samples . It provides recommendations for the collection of samples in situations of death. Shows prevention and control measures Standard precautions, isolation measures. Transporting the patient. How to clean and disinfect surfaces.

Orienta en la campaña de acciones de lucha contra el Coronavirus (Covid-19) en el municipio de Pau D'arco en Tocantins. Presenta las definiciones de casos de infección humana por COVID-19. Directrices sobre cómo notificar al Centro de Información Estratégica de Vigilancia Sanitaria (CIEVS). Cuáles son los períodos de incubación de la enfermedad. Factores de transmisión y tratamiento. Investigación epidemiológica. Qué atribuciones de la Vigilancia Sanitaria. Lineamientos para la recolección de muestras en el Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública de Tocantins (LACEN-TO) así como la técnica de recolección de Swabde nasofaringe y orofaringe (hisopos combinados), el empaque, transporte y envío de las muestras . Proporciona recomendaciones para la recolección de muestras en situaciones de muerte. Muestra medidas de prevención y control Precauciones estándar, medidas de aislamiento. Transporte del paciente. Cómo limpiar y desinfectar superficies.

Il guide dans la campagne d'actions de lutte contre le coronavirus (Covid-19) dans la commune de Pau D'arco à Tocantins. Il présente les définitions des cas d'infection humaine par COVID-19. Lignes directrices sur la manière de notifier le Centre d'information stratégique de surveillance sanitaire (CIEVS). Quelles sont les périodes d'incubation de la maladie. Facteurs de transmission et de traitement. Enquête épidémiologique. Quelles attributions de la Surveillance de la Santé. Directives pour le prélèvement d'échantillons au Laboratoire Central de Santé Publique de Tocantins (LACEN-TO) ainsi que la technique de prélèvement de Swabde nasopharynx et oropharynx (écouvillons combinés), l'emballage, le transport et l'envoi des échantillons . Il fournit des recommandations pour le prélèvement d'échantillons en cas de décès. Affiche les mesures de prévention et de contrôle. Transport du patient. Comment nettoyer et désinfecter les surfaces.

Optic neuritis.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to provide a clinical update on optic neuritis (ON), its association with multiple sclerosis (MS), and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). METHODS: This study included a PubMed review of the literature written in the English language. RESULTS: ON in adults is typically idiopathic or demyelinating, and is characterised by unilateral, subacute, painful loss of vision that is not associated with any systemic or other neurological symptoms. Demyelinating ON is associated with MS, and we review the key studies of ON including the ON treatment trial and several other MS treatment trials and NMO. CONCLUSION: Acute demyelinating ON can occur in isolation or be associated with MS. Typical ON does not require additional evaluation other than cranial magnetic resonance imaging. NMO is likely a separate disorder from MS and the ON in NMO has a different treatment and prognosis. METHODOLOGY: The authors conducted an English language search using Pubmed from the years 1964 to 2010 using the search terms 'ON', 'MS' and 'NMO'. The authors included original articles, review articles, and case reports, which revealed new aspects as far as epidemiology, histopathology, clinical manifestations, imaging, genetics, and treatment of ON. Titles were reviewed for topicality and full references were obtained. Letters to the editor, unpublished work, and abstracts were not included in this review.

GABAA receptor modulation by the novel intravenous general anaesthetic E-6375.

E-6375 (4-butoxy-2-[4-(2-cyanobenzoyl)-1-piperazinyl] pyrimidine hydrochloride) is a new intravenous general anaesthetic with an anaesthetic potency, in mice, comparable to propofol, or etomidate. Here, we examined the effect of E-6375 upon the GABAA receptor, a putative target of intravenous anaesthetic action. E-6375 reversibly enhanced GABA-evoked currents mediated by recombinant GABAA (alpha1beta2gamma2L) receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, with little effect on NMDA- and kainate-evoked currents mediated by NR1a/NR2A and GluR1o/GluR2o glutamate receptors, respectively. E-6375 prolonged the decay of GABA-evoked miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents recorded from rat Purkinje neurones demonstrating the anaesthetic also enhanced the activity of synaptic GABAA receptors. The GABA enhancing action of E-6375 on recombinant GABAA receptors was unaffected by the subtype of the alpha isoform (i.e. alphaxbeta2gamma2L; x=1-3) within the receptor, but was increased by the omission of the gamma2L subunit. Receptors incorporating beta2, or beta3, subunits were more sensitive to modulation by E-6375 than those containing the beta1 subunit. The selectivity of E-6375 was largely governed by the identity (serine or asparagine) of a single amino acid residue within the second transmembrane domain of the beta-subunit. The various in vivo actions of general anaesthetics may be mediated by GABAA receptor isoforms that have a differential distribution within the CNS. The identification of agents, such as E-6375, that discriminate between GABAA receptor subtypes may augur the development of general anaesthetics with an improved therapeutic profile.

M-CSF transgenic mice: role of M-CSF in infection and autoimmunity.

In this study, transgenic CD2F1 mouse lines (C-1.1-C-1.11) bearing a transgene encoding the murine growth factor M-CSF under the control of the liver specific alpha-1-antitrypsin gene promoter were generated. Transgenic C-1.4 mice showed elevated expression of transgene-encoded M-CSF in the liver and displayed a 2-3-fold increase of M-CSF plasma levels and of macrophage numbers in the liver as compared with non-transgenic littermates. M-CSF transgenic mice showed increased resistance against sublethal i.v. infections with Listeria monocytogenes as compared with infected non-transgenic mice. To investigate the influence of M-CSF in murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the M-CSF transgenic mouse line C-1.4 was bred into the genetic background of SLE-prone MRL+/+ mice. The resulting C-1.4/MRL transgenic mice bearing increased endogenous M-CSF levels showed consistently lower levels of anti-ss-DNA autoantibodies as compared with non-transgenic MRL+/+ mice. The life span of the C- 1.4/MRL transgenic mice and the severity of the disease in these mice remained unchanged as compared with their non-transgenic littermates. It is concluded that in addition to M-CSF further factors must be involved in the acceleration of the autoimmune disease in SLE prone MRL/lpr mice.

The leg depressor and levator muscles in the squat lobster Munida quadrispina (Galatheidae) and the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Astacidae) have multiple heads with potentially different functions.

The proximal leg muscles of decapod crustaceans, controlling movements at the first two joints, are anatomically more complex than the better-studied distal leg muscles. Despite extensive research on their involvement in diverse behaviors, no complete descriptions of the anatomy and innervation of these muscles for any species have been published. We describe the anatomy and innervation of the depressor muscle in the second leg of the squat lobster Munida quadrispina and compare its anatomy with that of its homologue in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and its antagonist, the levator, in both species. Of the six anatomically distinct heads comprising M. quadrispina's depressor muscle, one arises in the coxa (coxal head) and five are bi-articular (cross two joints), arising from widely dispersed sites on the thoracic endophragmal skeleton (dorsal, sternal, caudal, ventral-rostral, ventral-caudal heads). The heads' widely divergent force vectors are accommodated by the depressor apodeme's bifurcation at a thin flexible point. In total, eighteen neurons with central somata were backfilled from nerve branches to the heads. The common inhibitor and at least one neuron of unknown function with rostro-lateral soma and extremely sparse neurites innervate all heads. The sixteen excitatory motoneurons' somata are clustered in two locations, five rostral and eleven caudal to the neuropil. Rostral motoneurons innervate the two ventral heads (rostral and caudal). Their integrating segments lie rostral to those of the caudal group motoneurons and are straight or 'Y'-shaped, the latter longer and larger in diameter. Both morphological types have one prominent medial neurite that crosses the midline and could allow direct interaction between bilateral pairs of rostral motoneurons. The caudal motoneurons provide partially shared innervation to the remaining four heads. Six provide exclusive innervation, one to the caudal head, two to the sternal head, and three to the bi-articular dorsal head and uni-articular coxal head which share innervation. Of the remaining five caudal motoneurons, two are shared by the caudal head and the dorsal-coxal pair of heads and three are shared by the caudal and sternal heads. P. clarkii has two depressor muscles; the rostral depressor has a single head morphologically similar to the ventral rostral head in M. quadrispina; the caudal depressor muscle has four heads (dorsal, coxal, caudal, sternal) that insert on the large caudal depressor apodeme. The overall organization of depressor muscle heads in P. clarkii and M. quadrispina is similar, taking into consideration the different internal and external thoracic anatomies and the different resting stances, horizontal and tilted, respectively. As in other species, M. quadrispina and P. clarkii have two levator muscles, each with an apodeme of complex structure attributable to the levators' role in leg autotomy. The caudal levator arises in the coxa; it has two heads in M. quadrispina, but only one in P. clarkii. In both species the rostral levator has three heads all arising within the thorax. Divergent force vectors and partially independent innervation of different heads composing complex musculature at single joints constitute an anatomical level of organization that neural mechanisms must accommodate to produce adaptive movements.

A single amino acid confers barbiturate sensitivity upon the GABA rho 1 receptor.

Many structurally diverse general anaesthetics enhance inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system by interacting with the GABAA receptor. By contrast, GABA receptors composed of the rho 1 subunit are anaesthetic-insensitive. Here, we demonstrate that both delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (delta-HCH; 1-100 microM), a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, and the anaesthetic pentobarbitone (10-600 microM) have no effect on GABA-evoked currents mediated by wild-type rho 1 recombinant receptors (expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes). By contrast, these agents produce up to a 10 fold enhancement of GABA responses transduced by a rho 1 receptor in which a transmembrane located isoleucine residue is replaced by serine. However, not all general anaesthetics were similarly influenced by this mutation, because propofol and 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one (5 beta 3 alpha) remained ineffective. These data are discussed in relation to the specificity of general anaesthetic action.

Molecular and neurochemical evaluation of the effects of etizolam on GABAA receptors under normal and stress conditions.

The thienobenzodiazepine derivative etizolam (CAS 40054-69-1, 6-(o-chlorophenyl)-8-ethyl-1-methyl-4H-s-triazolo-(3,4-c)thienol(1 ,4) diazepine) is a potent anxiolytic with a pharmacological profile similar to that of classical benzodiazepines. In order to rationalize the therapeutic use of etizolam, its pharmacodynamics properties on GABAA receptors were investigated by a comparative study with other ligands on human recombinant GABAA as well as rat brain native receptors. Etizolam inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner [3H]flunitrazepam (CAS 1622-62-4) binding to rat cortical membranes, with an affinity of 4.5 nmol/l greater than that of alprazolam (CAS 28981-97-7) (7.9 nmol/l). Ethizolam enhanced GABA-induced Cl- currents in oocytes expressing human cloned GABAA receptors. With alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2S subunit combination, etizolam produced a 73% increase in GABA-induced currents with an EC50 of 92 nmol/l. At the same receptor type, alprazolam showed a higher degree of potentiation and potency (98%, EC50 56 nmol/l). At alpha 2 beta 2 gamma 2S or alpha 3 beta 2 gamma 2S subunit constructs, the effects of etizolam were similar to those of alprazolam. Flumazenil (CAS 78755-81-4) completely blocked both etizolam and alprazolam effects on GABA-induced currents. Etizolam, administered i.p., was uneffective in changing ex vivo t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]-TBPS) binding to rat cerebral cortex, whereas alprazolam and abecarnil (CAS 111841-85-1) significantly reduced this parameter. However, etizolam similarly to abecarnil and alprazolam, antagonized isoniazid-induced increase (61%) in [35S]-TBPS binding to rat cortical membranes. Further, etizolam inhibited in a dose-dependent manner basal acetylcholine release from both hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and reversed foot-shock-induced increase of basal acetylcholine release to a control level. Altogether, these results suggest that etizolam may have a reduced intrinsic activity, at least at specific subpopulations of GABAA receptors. This property, together with the pharmacokinetic indication of a short-acting drug, may characterize etizolam as a ligand endowed with less side-effects typical of full agonits such as diazepam (CAS 439-14-5) and alprazolam. Finally, given its marked efficacy under conditions of GABAergic deficit, etizolam may represent a possible drug of choice with reduced liability to produce tolerance and dependence after long-term treatment of anxiety and stress syndromes.

Functional changes in rat nigral GABA(A) receptors induced by degeneration of the striatonigral GABAergic pathway: an electrophysiological study of receptors incorporated into Xenopus oocytes.

Expression of rat brain gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors in Xenopus laevis oocytes can be achieved by injection of the oocytes with synaptosomes. This approach has now been applied to evaluate changes in the function of nigral GABA(A) receptors after degeneration of the striatonigral GABAergic pathway induced by the unilateral infusion of kainic acid into the rat striatum. Ten days after striatal injection, synaptosomal membranes were prepared from the substantia nigra and introduced into oocytes. Nigral GABA(A) receptors incorporated into the oocyte cell membrane were then characterized electrophysiologically under voltage-clamp conditions. The maximal amplitude of GABA-induced Cl- currents in oocytes injected with synaptosomes from denervated substantia nigra was twice that observed in oocytes injected with synaptosomes from control substantia nigra. The concentration of GABA required for the half-maximal response did not differ between the two groups of oocytes. In addition, the potentiation of GABA-induced currents by the benzodiazepine diazepam (1 microM) and the steroid derivative allopregnanolone (3 microM) was increased by approximately 65 and 60%, respectively, in oocytes injected with synaptosomes from denervated substantia nigra compared with those injected with control synaptosomes. The concentrations of diazepam and allopregnanolone giving half-maximal responses were not affected by denervation. In contrast, the inhibitory effects of the benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists FG 7142 (10 microM) and 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (1 microM) were reduced by 48 and 38%, respectively, after denervation. These results indicate that the up-regulation of nigral GABA(A) receptors induced by degeneration of the striatonigral GABAergic pathway is associated with an increased efficacy of positive allosteric modulators, such as benzodiazepines and steroids, and with a reduced efficacy of negative allosteric modulators such as beta-carbolines.